New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. Serdica expanded, as turrets, protective walls, public baths, administrative and cult buildings, a civic basilica, an amphitheatre, a circus, the City council (Boul), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. ", Jen Fitz. Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. Borisov Park is right in the center of the city, and South Park is next to the National Palace of Culture. It discusses key components of an OJC system, including instruments that use reliable and valid criteria, overrides by classification staff, staff training and commitment to OJC, and a housing plan that is consistent with classification outcomes. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. A guide "developed to enhance the leadership skills, knowledge, and capabilities of jail administrators on issues of basic jail administration" is presented (p. v). [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. Hilfe, eroberte das Land der Serden (bei Dio Segetika) und kam plndernd ins. The authors examine issues related to classification of female jail inmates by profiling the female inmate population and discussing problems associated with using a single classification system for both male and female inmates or a gender-neutral system. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after Plovdiv, Varna, Ruse and Shumen. Vitosha Boulevard, also called Vitoshka, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and luxury goods stores. DEFINITION(S) AND ACRONYM(S) There are two ice skating complexes the Winter Sports Palace with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each. In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. The Konyarnika Center is 1,507 meters high. [48], Summers are quite warm and sunny. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. [158] Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. Winters are relatively cold and snowy. [205][206] The American College of Sofia, a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States. Out of 464,865 homes 432,847 have connection to the communal sanitary sewer, while 2,732 do not have any. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I, which led to his demise at the hands of the Bulgarian army. Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the 23rd, 24th and 25th Multi-member Constituencies, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly. [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. [75] Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. During the Communist Party rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.[115]. [79], In 339 BC Philip II of Macedon destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. - , , "": ", "HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting", " , , , , ", "Sofia, Shanghai to become sister cities", "Sofia, Budapest to Cooperate in Culture, Tourism, Economy", "Acordos de geminao, de cooperao e de amizade", Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition, Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria, Institutional seats of the European Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&oldid=1134415457, Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [197] This line will complete the proposed underground system of three lines with about 65km (40mi) of lines. A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the Boyanska, Vladayska and Perlovska. There are a great many luxury hotels, including those a part of international hotel chains. Adjacent to this church is the Theological Seminary, which houses The National Historical and Archeological Museum. Regular performances began in 1909. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. [160][161], According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as Eastern Orthodox Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as Protestant, 6,767 (0.5%) as Muslim, 5,572 (0.4%) as Roman Catholic, 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves irreligious or did not mention any faith. Sofia is relatively close to the capitals of most Balkan countries: Ankara is 1,012 km; Athens is 837 km; Beograd is 374 km; Bucharest is 395 km; Zagreb is 762 km; Ljubljana is 897 km; Sarajevo is 549 km; Skopje is 239 km; Tirana is 553 km. Inmates designated as a verified Security Risk Group member are classified as level three. We also sponsor a peer-training network for large jail administrators, including meetings and an online discussion forum. [22], Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world, especially in information technologies. The heat distribution piping network is 900km (559mi) long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35C (95F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. [139] Corruption in Bulgaria also affects Sofia's authorities. Inmate Detail - CANO-CIFUENTES, JUAN LUIS. (2009). When the Romanian Army entered Vrazhdebna in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,[113] this prompted the Tsardom of Bulgaria to capitulate. While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the 2012 Pernik earthquake occurred west of Sofia with a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. [citation needed] During the war, Sofia was flown by the Romanian Air Corps, which engaged on photoreconnaissance operations and threw propaganda pamphlets to the city. [165] The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400. "The Cambridge Ancient History", Volume 3, Part 2: Mihailov, G., Thracians, Sofia, 1972, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, quote in Bulgarian: . Sofia is also home to Bulgarias most prestigious and largest educational institutions universities, colleges, and middle schools that offer solidly-grounded, up-to-date instruction in such disciplines as Architecture, Medicine, The Humanities, Engineering, Music and Choreography, and Fine Arts. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School and the High School of Mathematics, which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan Omurtag, who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, ). The physical security requirements for Level 4 may vary based on the overall physical structure of the facility. III. For Constantine the Great it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). Boev, Zlatozar. Sixteen checklists allow administrators to assess performance and effectiveness of jail operations. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. In July 2016 the Vitosha Metro Station was opened on the M2 main line. [94] In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. "Guttenberg". The data generated through the classification process can also be used for operational, management, and planning purposes. All facility staff assigned to classification duties shall be adequately trained in the facility's classification process. One of them was Samuil, who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, food. The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. ", "Where are world's deadliest major cities? Three of the ten Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the city: IV, VIII and X. Each staff member with detainee in-processing responsibilities shall receive on-site training; 3. There are a total of 29 km of ski runs on Vitosha, and the longest is 5 km. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. 151156. Accurately classifying incarcerated individuals and placing them in institutions consistent with their security classification is a means of protecting the public, ensuring staff and incarcerated individual safety, and achieving the ODRC's rehabilitative goals. Booking Date 1/6/2023 4:12 PM; Release Date; Scheduled Release Date; Prisoner Type Pretrial Inmate; Classification VG3; Housing Facility Jefferson County Jail - Birmingham; Total Bond Amount; Total Bail Amount $0.00; Booking Origin . OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. Sofia has been settled for many millennia. Sredets joined the uprising of Peter Delyan in 10401041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko. In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. "[A]reas in which jails tend to be deficient, suggesting the need for new or revised forms of NIC assistance" are identified (p.2). It was the citys major church during the Middle Ages, and under the Ottomans, it was used as a mosque. 78", " - 01.1887 - 12.2007", "Weather Sofia Monthly Weather History- freemeteo.bg", ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT, "Weather Sofia Daily Weather History| freemeteo.bg", "Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast", "Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter", "Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland", "Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018", "Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution", "Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollution standartnews.com", "Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans", " 24.04.2016 9:331205 ", "Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25", "Trakiia 12 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden Knig Siras verbndete der Rmer waren ergab dies den Vorwand fr den Kriegszug von Crassus. Masterpieces of Bulgarian painting are on display at The National Art Gallery, located in what was formerly the Bulgarian Royal Palace. : +359 2 49 49 315 E-mail:[email protected], Info Point Chitalnyata (The reading room), Tel. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges. Weather can be very unstable and dynamic with sudden significant temperature amplitudes. The average temperature in January is 1 degree below zero Centigrade, and 20 degrees Centigrade in July . For example, one of the citys most popular venues for business forums and trade fairs is the National Palace of Culture. [134] Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including Bulgarian mafia killings, caused problems in the city,[135] where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,[136] which had caused the European Commission to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime[137] (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007). Overall, Sofia has 186km (116 miles) of railway lines. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century. The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. Inmates here usually have sentences up to 30 years to complete. The most dynamic sectors include Information technology (IT) and manufacturing. [53][54], The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. [71], Particulate matter concentrations are consistently above the norm. It was the capital of the important Sanjak of Sofia as well, including the whole of Thrace with Plovdiv and Edirne, and part of Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Skopje. Technical assistance and information resources cover a wide range of jail administration and operational issues. The Slavic name Sredets (), which is related to "middle" (, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. These services are conducted under five initiatives. A fundamental principle of ODRC classification processes is to place individuals in the least restrictive setting possible that is still sufficient to ensure the safety and security of persons, the institution, and the community. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country. Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. [199] Marshrutkas provide an efficient and popular means of transport by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of Dacia Aureliana,[88] and when Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time Founded thousands of years ago, today the city continues to develop as the countrys cultural and economic center. Top-circulation newspapers include 24 Chasa and Trud. Effective offender classification is essential in corrections, not only to support daily management and administration, but also to keep the system responsive to changing offender demographics, sentencing statutes, and agency policy. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, petty theft and vandalism. A map of Sofia Valley. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. [159] The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 Bulgarians, 3,538 Jews, 839 Turks and 737 Romani. In the churchs crypt, there is an exhibit of Orthodox Christian art. It is one of ODRCs central principles to treat people differently based on their conduct while incarcerated. [45] The snowiest recorded winter was 1995/1996 with a total snowfall of 171cm (67.3in). The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. [23] It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013. [209] Sofia University was founded in 1888. The Sofia Zoological Garden in the southern part of the city is the countrys largest zoo. The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. [116] Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. During May and June, The Palace of Culture welcomes performers participating in the festival Sofia Music Weeks. The capitals many theaters and galleries offer a wide range of interesting exhibits and shows. The common head of Sofia Municipality and all the 38 settlements is the mayor of Sofia. According to the 2011 census, people aged 2024 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. There are four principal parks Borisova gradina in the city centre and the Southern, Western and Northern parks. There is hardly another city in all of Europe that has so many noteworthy Christian, Islamic, and Jewish monuments so close together. There are two golf courses within an hours drive of the city, in the city of Ihtiman and the village of Ravno Polye, both offering excellent facilities to play and practice this sport that is becoming more and more popular in Bulgaria. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the battle of the Gates of Trajan. [215] Rakovski Defence and Staff College, the National Academy of Arts, the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, the University of National and World Economy and the University of Mining and Geology are other major higher education establishments in the city. Fourteen chapters comprise this guide: introduction; role, purpose, and characteristics of the jail; administration; facilities; staffing and scheduling; staff recruiting, selection, and retention; staff training; security, safety, and emergency preparedness; inmate behavior management; inmate discipline and grievance; special management; inmate services and programs; jail intake and release; and getting started on the job. This process will consider behavior and such other objective factors as are available and relevant when assessing an individual's institutional security needs. [101] The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and rakiain a word, jolly fellows. Other points of interest in the city include the Lion Bridge, the Eagle Bridge, the Russian Monument, and the monument to Vasil Levski (a Bulgarian revolutionary hero who gave his life in the struggle to free Bulgaria from the Ottomans in the 19th century). As incarcerated individuals progress to lower security levels, they receive additional privileges and autonomy to make pro-social decisions. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. Iztok Zapad, 2005. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (. Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. 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